A hip roof is a type of hip roof, in which two slopes are trapezoidal in shape, and the other two (end ones) are triangular (having the same name “hips”). If the end slopes occupy the entire area from the ridge to the eaves, it is a hip roof; if they do not reach the eaves, it is a half-hip roof.
The roof of a house performs a dual function - on the one hand, it is charged with protecting the building from external influences, and on the other, it is designed to decorate the structure and give it individuality.
Historically, in Russia preference was given to simpler single- and gable roofs, while Europeans prefer a hip or hip roof, which has advantages and disadvantages under certain conditions.
Hip roof - advantages and disadvantages
Pros:
- greater structural rigidity. Achieved by corner ribs connecting near the ridge support beam;
- the possibility of arranging more protruding overhangs, which provides additional protection for the walls of the house;
- aesthetic appeal.
Minuses:
- complexity of calculation and installation;
- higher cost of project implementation;
- reducing the area of the attic (in particular in the area where diagonal supports are installed);
- impossibility of installing an attic;
- natural light is only possible by installing windows in the roofing pie.
Since the shortcomings are not critical, the hip-type hip roof is actively practiced in modern construction of private houses.
Varieties (types and types) of hip roof
When studying the structure of the hip roof rafter system, it should be taken into account that within this type, there are several types of structures. In turn, this makes adjustments to the overall process of constructing the frame of the rafter system.
Classic hip roof
It is distinguished by the support of the diagonal ribs on the ridge support beam and the location of the overhangs at the same height. The individual elements of the hip roof correspond to a triangle (gables) and a trapezoid (slopes).
Hip hip roof
It is distinguished by the absence of a ridge support beam. This leads to the fact that all the diagonal ribs converge at a single point, and ordinary short rafters are already adjacent to them. This type of roof is preferred if the house has a square frame. But forming a reliable ridge assembly is quite complicated.
Half hip roof
It is distinguished by the presence of vertical gables in which windows can be installed. The picture shows the difference between two types of half-hip roofs (Dutch and Danish).
Sloping hip roof or mansard hipped roof
The most complex design in terms of construction is the hip roof truss system, since in this case, all roof slopes have different areas and diverge at different angles. A sloping (attic) roof allows you to more rationally organize the internal roof space and, in addition to additional living space, give the house a spectacular appearance.
Hip roof design
Regardless of the type of roof, all types have the same elements of the hip roof rafter system:
ridge support beam or ridge beam - used for a classic hip roof, serves as a load-bearing element to which diagonal rafters are attached;
diagonal rafter (side, edge, slant or corner rafter) - a longer rafter leg that is attached to the end of the ridge beam at an acute angle, forming one of the sides of the triangle;
central rafter - boards of the same length that adjoin the ridge beam and form the edges of the trapezoidal roof slope. Between them there are intermediate rafters;
intermediate or ordinary rafters - forms the plane of the trapezoidal slope, the distance between them determines the run of the rafter system;
raspnik or short rafter - a structural element that is attached to a diagonal rafter, forming a triangular overhang and corner parts of trapezoids.
Hip roof calculation
The calculation of the hip roof truss system is carried out taking into account the following prerequisites:
- wind load in the region. The higher it is, the flatter the slope should be, and the stronger the entire structure. To level out strong winds, the central and diagonal rafters are made thicker;
- amount of precipitation. An inverse relationship is observed. The higher the amount of precipitation, the steeper the slope should be so that snow and rain do not create pressure on the rafter system;
- type of roofing material. Each type of roofing material puts forward its own requirements for the sheathing, and also has a certain weight. These factors must be taken into account at the design stage;
- the need for roof insulation. In this case, the installation pitch of the rafters is calculated taking into account the width of the thermal insulation material. In addition, the distance between the rafters depends on the type and section of the wood.
The calculation of roofing material is carried out using formulas taking into account the angle of inclination of the roof. The optimal roof slope for different types of roofing materials is shown in the table:
The slope of the slope angle determines the position of the rafters. In turn, the position of the intermediate rafter is calculated as follows:
- first, a center line is applied to the top trim of the end wall;
- then half the thickness of the ridge beam is calculated, and the placement line of the first of the central intermediate rafters is drawn;
- then the end of the measuring rod is aligned with the placement line of the central intermediate rafter marked above;
- a line of the internal contour of the side wall is applied to the opposite end of the measuring rod;
- the resulting point is the position of the intermediate rafter.
The relationship between the length of the rafters and their position is calculated using a correction factor, the value of which depends on the angle of inclination of the roof slope. The length of the rafter leg is determined by multiplying the laying by the coefficient.
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Formulas for calculating a hip roof
| Ridge height |  |
 |
| Ridge beam length |
The length of the house minus its width |
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| Central length rafters (trapezoid) |
 |
Pythagorean theorem |
| Length of ordinary rafters | Calculated similarly to the length of the central rafters | |
| Rafter extension to form frame overhang |
 |
 |
| Tilt angle ordinary rafters |
 |
 |
| Diagonal length hip rafters |
 |
 |
| Narozhniki (short rafters) |
 First short rafter |
 |
 Second short rafter |
||
| Square hip roof |
 |
 |
How to calculate the area of a hip roof?
To know how much roofing material to buy, you need to know the total roof area.
To do this, you need to break the entire roof into its component simple geometric shapes and make calculations for each of them.
Calculating the area of a hip roof allows you to determine in advance not only the costs of purchasing roofing materials and installation, but also to determine the requirements for materials, as well as the need for arrangement and the exact configuration of the sheathing.
Hip roof rafter system drawing
The result of the project development and calculations will be a diagram-drawing of the hip roof rafter system. There are no similar drawings that are ready for use without taking into account the features of a particular structure and the place where it was built.
You can develop a preliminary design yourself (a simple sketch will help determine the direction of the project). But, it is better to entrust the drawing to specialists or use special programs for calculations. It should be remembered that the more complex the roof structure, the more accurately you need to calculate the rafter system: configuration and materials. This will also affect the cost and duration of installation work.
The hip roof drawing must include an indication of the purpose of the material, its installation location and method of fastening. It is advisable to include the key components of the hip roof rafter system, for example, the connection of diagonal supports to the ridge beam or the installation of rafter legs on the mauerlat, in a separate drawing and describe them in more detail.
Drawing of a hip roof (sloping rafters with emphasis on two purlins)
Drawing of a hip roof rafter system with a bay window
Having a schematic drawing will be a good help in the manufacture of blanks and subsequent installation of the roof.
Tools for building a hip roof
The design of the roof and the methods for arranging the components determine the set of tools that should be prepared before starting work.
To work with wood you will need: a level, a hacksaw, a hammer, a tape measure, a marking cord, and a stapler.
To work with metal structures you will need an electric drill, a riveter, and cutting shears.
Tools and consumables must be prepared in advance, because... The complex installation of a hip roof rafter system requires a large number of cuts and installation of nails.
To simplify measurements and be able to make all parts the same size, craftsmen advise replacing the tape measure with a measuring rod. The measuring rod is made of plywood 50 mm wide, onto which the main dimensions are applied.
Hip roof material
The species and type of wood have a direct impact on the durability and reliability of the roofing structure. Craftsmen advise giving preference to lumber or pine. All workpieces require pre-treatment with fire retardants and antiseptics.
In addition to wood, you will need metal fasteners, nails, screws, and anchor bolts.
Note. When forming a hip rafter system on a wooden house, which can shrink, craftsmen advise using floating fasteners to connect the rafters to the mauerlat. This method compensates for the movement of the crowns during the natural shrinkage of a house made of timber or logs.
Hip roof rafter system - installation technology
DIY rafter system devices step by step:
1. Preparation of blanks (rafters)
This is the most difficult and time-consuming part of construction, because... associated with:
- the need to ensure a given angle of inclination of the rafter legs;
- different lengths of rafters (short rafters);
- the presence of diagonal rafters (sloping), which receive special attention. Due to their length, slanted rafters carry a greater load than the main rafters, and therefore require the use of higher quality lumber with a larger cross-section. In addition, often the length of the diagonal rafters exceeds the standard length of the boards.
In order not to buy different lumber, in practice the method of splicing (pairing) edged boards is used to obtain a given length.
Advantages of rafter splicing technology:
- obtaining continuous beams of a given length;
- increasing the strength of the diagonal rafters of the hip roof due to the doubled cross-section;
- simplification of calculation and purchase of material (unification of dimensions: length and cross-section);
- the possibility of using boards designed to form ordinary rafters.
2. Mounting the Mauerlat
Mauerlat for a hip roof is a wooden beam of large cross-section (100x100 or 100x150 mm) mounted around the perimeter of the walls. First grade wood is used for the Mauerlat.
The peculiarity of laying the Mauerlat is that the timber is connected along the length only with an overlap, but not end-to-end, using many connection points with the base of the wall. The connecting nodes are additionally reinforced with metal brackets.
Since the purpose of the Mauerlat is to serve as a support for the rafter legs, it needs protection from moisture. For this purpose, a hydraulic barrier is placed between the wall and the beam (for example, roofing felt is used).
Note. Under the mauerlat in brick houses (or made of aerated concrete, foam concrete, wood concrete), a reinforced concrete belt with pre-installed studs for mounting the timber is poured. The pin has a diameter of 10 mm or more and should protrude beyond the plane of the Mauerlat by 20-30 mm. The stud installation pitch is 1000-1200 mm.
3. Purlin installation
A purlin is a beam installed parallel to the sides of the mauerlat. The purlin serves as the basis for installing additional supports under the rafter legs. The installation of a purlin is not a mandatory stage of work and is performed only for hip roofs of a large area or those with a configuration of increased complexity. The location of the purlin is shown in the diagram.
It should be taken into account that the point of maximum load will vary depending on the location - on the ridge of the hip or on the edge of the valley.
Note. The hipped hip roof is mounted without support, and a complex assembly is formed at the junction of the diagonal rafters.
4. Installation of support posts
The posts act as supports when installing the ridge beam (orange color in the picture).
5. Installation of the ridge beam
Installation of the hip roof ridge is accompanied by precise measurements. Since the entire roof structure will rest on the ridge, the correctness of its installation is checked in terms of height and level.
6. Attaching rafter legs
Regarding the sequence of work at this stage, the opinions of the craftsmen differ. This makes it possible to distinguish two directions for performing work:
- The central rafters are mounted, and then the diagonal ones. This procedure is simpler;
- diagonal rafters are mounted, and then the rest.
During installation, the lower part of the rafter leg rests on the Mauerlat.
The support of rafters on a hip roof is shown in the diagram. The first option (with a cutout) is simpler, but the second (with a support beam) is preferable, because in this case, the fastening does not weaken the rafter.
Forming a knot on a ridge beam is possible in different ways.
Options for top fastening of diagonal rafters are shown in the diagram.
Advice. For rigidity, it is advisable to reinforce all nodes with metal elements (staples, plates, corners).
Since diagonal rafters bear a significant load, they can be strengthened using such means as:
- installation of the rack. Mounted vertically on the ceiling;
- installation of the strut. Mounted at an angle. The angle of inclination is not decisive. The ability of the brace to strengthen the diagonal rafter is important;
- truss Essentially, this is a T-shaped short beam rotated 180°. It is used on long spans and is installed so that its base is oriented perpendicular to the diagonal rafter.
7. Installation of ordinary rafters
The rows are installed similarly to the installation of the central rafters, which form the edges of the trapezoid. Their lower part rests and is attached to the mauerlat, and the upper part rests against the ridge beam. It is important to maintain the same distance between row rafters.
8. Installation of roof trusses (short rafters)
Spawners are made only from solid lumber. At the junction of the spigot and the long rafter, notches are made or support beams are installed. The installation site is additionally reinforced with metal elements.
Note. Installation of hip roof extensions is possible in staggered intervals to simplify installation.
In any case, the frames are installed after the roof’s load-bearing frame has been formed. Their installation completes the work on installing the hip roof rafter system.
DIY hip roof step by step - video
The program shows the process of installing a rafter system for a gable hip roof with a central bay window along a short wall.
Once the rafter system is ready, you can begin installing the roofing covering, the specifics of its fastening determine the need to install the sheathing on the rafter legs.
Installation of a hip roof truss system is a long process that requires attention to every stage of the work - from calculation and selection of material, to installation of parts and strengthening of fastening points. But, if all stages are carried out correctly, the result will be a beautiful and reliable roof for a private home.
A hip roof is a structure consisting of four roof slopes: two trapezoidal slopes on the sides and two triangular slopes on the ends of the roof. These slopes are called hips, hence the name of the entire roof. This decision is driven more by design and architectural taste than by construction necessity. Hip roofs have long gained popularity in Europe, and over time migrated to us. Any do-it-yourself hip roof, drawings of which you will find here or in other sources, looks very aesthetically pleasing due to the slopes of all the slopes. This same feature helps reduce wind resistance from all directions, which means... A roof with hips will become more reliable and will last longer without repair.
A hip roof can be built without the help of professionals, even with the most primitive builder skills. The only difficulty is that you can’t do it alone, you will need 2-3 assistants.
Roof structure with hips
Hip roof diagram. Which is the leader among developers, has four slopes, two of them triangular. These hips are attached to the ends of the roof of the house to connect the cornice and ridge beam. The front and rear hips are built in the form of a trapezoid (truncated triangle), they have a larger area and an increased slope. Trapezoidal hips secure the ridge and cornice on the remaining sides. 
There are also half-hip roof designs, and they are called Dutch. Half-hips are when the cornices of the side slopes are higher than the front and rear slopes. A Dutch roof is most often erected when installed in the attic of a living room.
The usual hip roof consists of components and elements that are assembled into a single structure in one way, and serve as a frame for more complex structures. In the diagram below, the hip structure consists of the following elements:
- The corner rafter (position No. 1) is always installed at a smaller angle than the intermediate rafters. For intermediate and corner rafters on the sides of the roof, use a board measuring 50x15 cm;
- Short rafter beams (position No. 2) are installed on the corner rafters. The angle of inclination should be the same as the inclination of the intermediate rafters;
- The cross-section of the ridge (position No. 3) should be the same as that of the rafters themselves;
- The central intermediate rafters (position No. 4) are attached to the corners of the ridge beam on three sides;
- Intermediate rafters (position No. 5) are beams that connect the ridge beam and the trim boards laid along the top of the roof. The trim boards form a cornice.
A more detailed diagram of the roof structure with hip elements is in the figure below:
- The ridge is supported by a stand (position No. 1), which is attached at the junction of the opposing pair of rafters and the ridge beam. Posts are not always present in the roof design, but their counterparts must be present in the design;
- Tightening (ceiling beam, position No. 2) – a beam for fastening the rafters together;
- The filly (position No. 3) serves to continue the overhang; the filly beam is attached to the rafters. An overhang is needed to protect the walls of the house from rain and snow;
- The wind beam (position No. 4) strengthens the rafters on the windward side of the house. This beam can be installed on several sides;
- The frame (short rafter, position No. 5) attach the frame to the corner rafter beam;
- Mauerlat (position No. 6) is a powerful wooden beam that serves as the basis of any roof;
- Sprengel (position No. 7) strengthens the roof structure and reduces the load on the walls. Mounted diagonally between the corners of the house on the mauerlat;
- The struts (position No. 8) can be attached to the rafters at different angles. Their number and angle of attachment depend on the presence or absence of an attic;
- Diagonal (side rafters, position No. 9) are installed from one or both ends of the roof;
- The purlin (position No. 10) is the step of fastening the rafters.
How to install a hip structure
The roof with hips must be assembled in a certain sequence:
- The first stage is the development of a scheme;
- According to the diagram, the parameters of the roof are calculated - all its dimensions will depend on the width of the dimensions of the external and internal load-bearing walls of the house;
- Tools and materials are prepared;
- Laying a layer of waterproofing on the walls for installation of rafters;
- The attachment points of the rafters on the Mauerlat are marked;
- Installation of rafters and other roof elements according to the diagram;
- Roof decking.
After processing the lumber and drying it, you can begin to install the roof - attach the Mauerlat beams to the load-bearing walls of the house. The Mauerlat is laid on the waterproofing, then the installation and fastening points of the rafter beams are marked on it. The Mauerlat beams are laid on the upper surface of the walls or on a beam that is pre-attached slightly below the walls. 
The racks are attached to the floor beam, in the upper part - to the ridge. Also, the central rafters at the ends of the roof are attached to the ridge beam. Markings are made for the installation of intermediate beams along the front and rear slopes of the roof, after which the rafters are attached, connecting the corners of the house and the ridge diagonally. It may be necessary to install reinforcing posts in this place. 
Short rafter beams or frames are attached to these rafters with the same spacing as the intermediate beams. In this fragment of the roof, trusses, wind beams, fillets and struts can be used for reinforcement (depending on the roof layout).
The roof is laid in the following sequence:
- A vapor barrier is attached to the rafters;
- The sheathing is attached to the vapor barrier;
- Insulation is placed in the space between the slats and covered with a windproof film;
- The counter-lattice is attached.
It is worth noting that the designs of private houses with a hip roof are quite varied. They may have different parameters and functionality. It all depends on the planning criteria. The hip roof is of particular importance in this building. Let's try to figure it out what it is.
Project of a house with a hip roof
This type of roofing structure is considered the most popular today. The hip roof is different:
- practicality;
- reliability;
- durability.
Quite often this roof is used to furnish an attic. This is due to the fact that its slopes are designed for excellent placement of roof windows.
The hip is the sloping edge of the roof. It is formed as a result of the correct connection of two sides of the structure, an external angle is obtained. The hips go from the eaves of the roof to its ridge.
Types of hip roof
It has different types and can be:
- hipped.
Note. Some may have the impression that almost every roof can be a hip roof. This is wrong. There are various designs for such structures, but none of them provide for broken corners and surfaces.
What buildings can have a hip roof?
As a rule, everything is compiled with a roof structure. This makes it possible to correctly calculate the exact amount of materials for the construction process. The approximate mass of the entire structure is also determined, on which the depth of the foundation depends.
Mostly the houses are one-story. All this is due to the fact that the roof structure can be easily converted into an attic. This is due to the large amount of usable space on the hip roof.
A two-story house with such a roof is also often found, but in it the functionality of the structure will not be fully used, since there is already a fairly large amount of usable space.
All this is due to the fact that the roofing structure will ultimately be expensive and can be replaced with cheaper types.
Project of a one-story house with a hip roof Characteristics of a hip roof
Firstly, there are different types of such roofs. Depending on them, the useful area of the structure can easily be converted into a residential one, due to this the house only expands its useful area. Secondly, it is quite easy to install windows on the hips, since they do not have a large angle of inclination. Thirdly, the roof itself is low and the appearance of the entire house does not suffer from this.
Thanks to the wide range of roofing materials, the cladding of such a structure can be done with your own hands not only with high quality, but also in an original way. This will make the common one even more unusual.
Main types of hip roof
It cannot be said that the types of such designs are diverse. The main difference between the roof lies in the number of hips. There are two types of roofing:
The first option is characterized by a certain arrangement of inclined parts. If the hips on the slopes do not reach the end of the eaves and break off, then this type is a half-hip roof.
For most cottages that have a wooden roof frame, this type of roof is the best option. The structure is attached to special braces. If, however, then the installation of the roof will be a little more complicated with reinforcements in the form of wooden boards on the frame. An accurate calculation of dimensions and material is carried out in advance.
The most popular second type of hip roof is “Danish”. This design is characterized by the presence of:
- hip rafters;
- special boards for support;
- reinforcing crossbars with liner;
- simple rafters;
- spacers.
The top lining of the walls is also performed before installing the roof.
All these parameters are needed in order to make the correct calculation of a gable hip roof. For a three-slope you will need to take into account:
- racks;
- rafters for the fronts;
- floor beams;
- special ridge runs;
- various puffs.
The latter type of roofing structure is of particular interest for creating houses in a unique architectural style. You can also build rectilinear domes. All this looks very unusual, and such a hip roof, made with your own hands, always attracts attention and differs from neighboring houses.
What to consider when designing a hip roof
Since the types of such roofing structures are quite diverse, it is necessary to initially decide what exact shape the roof will be and how many slopes are needed for a more attractive appearance of the home.
Another option for a house project with a hip roof All this affects the overall design of private houses.
Then the design is calculated. It takes into account:
- roof height;
- its width;
- hip angle.
In this case, the roof base can be:
- square;
- rectangular.
Why do you need a preliminary calculation of the roof of a house? Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to find out exactly the amount of materials required for the construction of the roof and plan the correct location of each element.
Although the types of hip roof may be different, you still need to follow the rules for constructing the structure.
Features of the hip roof rafter system
To make a hip roof with your own hands, you need to know some of the planning features of this component of any house.
The basis for creating such a structure is a wooden frame. It is for this reason that you need to select high-quality wood, which gives the roof a long service life.
It is necessary to make the correct calculation of the structure frame. In this process, it is worth considering that the steeper the roof slope, the greater the amount of construction and finishing materials will be needed to improve the roof of the house.
Important. An accurate calculation of the entire system will help get rid of some unpleasant situations during the construction process and will significantly extend the life of the roof.
The rafter frame for the houses is immediately manufactured. It consists of:
- support belt;
- central beam;
- vertical posts with slopes;
- ridge beam or purlin.
The following rafters are also used:
- hip rafter legs (inclined parts);
- ordinary rafter legs;
- rafter purlins;
- rafters;
- racks;
- lying down;
- struts.
The support belt for the construction of the roof structure of private houses is otherwise called a Mauerlat.
Construction of the support belt
Initially, you need to make an accurate calculation of the materials for this. The work uses timber, which is laid along the outer walls of the house. It is considered a support for hip rafters in installation. As a rule, coniferous timber is most often used. Although metal is often used instead of wood. More precisely, a metal channel. In some cases - an I-beam.
At the same time, the house must have a high strength index so that it can withstand significant loads of the roof structure.
The main function of this support belt is to connect the roof with the walls of the house. A calculation is made of the loads on each square meter of load-bearing walls and on each side of the roof.
Important. The transverse dimensions of the mauerlat should be 10x10 cm. For the construction of large houses - 25x25 cm.
Previously, a reinforcing base is made along the entire perimeter of the building at the end of the stone walls.
This creates a flat surface for proper installation of the support belt. The process goes like this:
- Formwork is constructed on the brick wall above.
- The fittings are laid out in it, which are tied together.
- Then all this is filled with concrete mortar, which is prepared using purified sand, Portland cement and water. Proportions: 1 bucket of cement to 2-3 buckets of sand.
This preparatory support must dry. This will take several weeks.
Advice. In such work, it is necessary to maintain the exact horizontality of the surface. Otherwise, there may be deformations in the roofing structure of houses during the construction process.
Hip roof installation process It is worth considering that special metal pins must come out of such a concrete belt. Their length is less than 10 cm. As soon as the Mauerlat is attached to them, they should peek out from it by several centimeters.
The surface of the dried concrete is coated with bitumen. Then roofing material is applied to it. It will protect the wood of the frame from rotting processes. Then holes are drilled in the bars and placed on the studs.
Wood must be pre-treated with an antiseptic and various means that protect it from fire and moisture. Because of this, the house will be endowed with durability and safety in operation.
It is necessary to take into account that such a support belt can be made both along the entire perimeter of the building and in its individual parts: in places where rafter legs are installed.
Drawing of rafter leg support The hip roof is often used in the architectural designs of country houses built in the European style. Its design is not only reliable, but also very aesthetic. Moreover Taking even its simplest version as a basis, you can diversify it with various elements that will become a kind of decoration for the entire structure and a sign of sophistication of style.
A do-it-yourself hip roof, the drawings of which need to be selected or prepared in advance, can be done independently, but one craftsman clearly cannot cope with such a volume and complexity of work.
What is a hip roof?
The most widespread a simple scheme of a hip roof consists of four slopes, two of which have the shape of a triangle - they are called “hips”. They are located at the ends of the building and connect the ridge to the cornice. The two frontal planes in the shape of a trapezoid have a large area and a slope, which is also located from the ridge to the cornice.
Hip roof - top view It should be noted that there are half-hip roofs - they are also classified as the Dutch type. In this case, during construction, the cornices of the end slopes are located much higher than the front ones. The installation of such a roof is usually carried out in cases where a living space is installed in its space.
Hip Roof Design Basics
The traditional hip system consists of certain components and elements, which are always installed in the same way and are the basis for more complex roofs of this type. This figure shows just such a design, which includes the following parts:
1 - A corner rafter or rib is always placed at a smaller angle than the same, but intermediate elements of the system. For such a roof structure, boards with a cross-section of 50×150 mm are suitable for both side and intermediate rafters.
2 - Short rafter legs are secured not to the ridge, but to the corner rafter board. They must have the same slope as the intermediate rafters.
3 - The ridge in this case has the same cross-sectional size as the rafter legs.
4 - The rafters that converge and join at the corners of the ridge on three sides are called central rafters.
5 - Intermediate rafters are the legs that connect the ridge and the trim running along the top of the building and form the cornice.
In the following diagram, in addition to those already mentioned, you can see the structure of other structural elements.
- After the rafters, you can consider the rack that supports the ridge and is installed at the connection of the two beams. These elements are not always used; sometimes they are simply replaced with other supporting parts, for example, in cases where the space under the roof must be free if it is planned to arrange a room in it.
- The tie is the element that holds the rafters together. Most often, it also acts as a floor beam.
- The filly is mounted to the installed rafter legs to increase the roof overhang, which will provide protection from precipitation for the gap under the roof and the upper part of the walls.
- The wind beam is attached to the rafters obliquely on the side of the roof that is considered windy. Sometimes it is installed on both trapezoidal slopes.
- The spigot or short rafter leg is used only in a hip structure and is attached to the corner rafter.
- Mauerlat is present in any rafter system and is a bar that is attached along the entire perimeter of the walls of the building.
- The sprengel is another part of the system, giving it rigidity and relieving the load from the walls. It is installed diagonally, relative to the corners of the building, and secured to the Mauerlat.
- The struts are installed at different angles to the rafters, depending on whether the attic will be used to create an additional room.
- Rib, diagonal or side rafters can be installed either on one end side of the roof or on both sides, depending on the intended design.
- Runs in given In this case, the distance between the fastening of the rafters to the ridge beam is called - it will depend on the weight of the selected roofing material and the expected snow load in the area of construction.
Stages of work on installing a hip roof
If a hip structure is chosen for the roof of the house, then work on it must be carried out in strict sequence:
- Any project begins with drawing up a diagram of the rafter system.
- The next step is to calculate all the parameters, which will depend on the width of the distance between the walls of the house and the presence of capital partitions inside the building.
- Next, according to calculations, the necessary materials are purchased and the tools necessary for the work are prepared.
- Then comes the preparation for strapping walls for installation of rafterssystems - flooring waterproofing material.
- The walls are being marked for installation of the rafter system.
- The most important stage - installation the entire system in accordance with the design.
- Final stage - device roofs.
Preparing the roof diagram
The roof layout can be different - it will depend on the imagination and capabilities of the owner of the house, as well as on the location of the walls of the building. When drawing up a diagram, you also need to take into account the fact that the more complex the roof structure, the more material it will need, and the longer the installation of the system will take.
If the design is very complex, then the best option would be to seek help from professionals who will help you correctly calculate the thickness and number of elements necessary for the reliability of the system. Of course, drawing up such a project will take some time and certain financial resources will be spent, but it is better to use the development of specialists than to act at random and end up with an unreliable design.
Calculation of system parameters
If you decide to rely on your own strength, then when making calculations, you need to take into account the following factors:
- The reliability of the load-bearing walls and foundation of the building over which the roof will be erected.
- Type of rafter system (sloped or hinged).
- The cross-sectional size of rafters and bars for other elements of the system.
- The angle of inclination of the slopes and the distance of the run between the rafters.
- Dimensions of elements such as protrusions and openings for chimney pipes, ventilation, windows.
To calculate the exact proportions of the structure, you can use formulas specially developed for this, which will make the roof reliable and durable. Designation of parameters in formulas:
S is the total area of the roof slopes;
h is the height of the system from floor to ceiling;
d - length of side or diagonal rafter legs;
e - length of intermediate rafters;
a is the distance between the rafters along the length of the building;
α is the slope angle;
b - the distance between the rafters on the end hip side.
Formulas for calculating the construction of a simple hip roof are as follows:
- Skate height:
- Length of intermediate front rafters:
- Length of end and hip rafters:
- Roof slope area:
Having calculated the main parameters of the system, you can, based on them, purchase materials for construction.
Materials for roof construction
To install the rafter system, you will need not only well-dried high-quality wood, but also metal fasteners, as well as roofing nails, self-tapping screws and anchor bolts.
- From metal elements, you will need to purchase corners and fasteners of various configurations, which will help make the structure more reliable and strong.
One of them is the sliding mount. It is installed at the bottom of the rafters, thus securing them to the Mauerlat. By installing it, you can eliminate the risk of deformation of the roof system when the load-bearing walls shrink.
Another long-used fastening is staples. They connect different parts of the system, for example, rafters and floor beams or a mauerlat if the roof is being erected, for example, on a building that has long since shrunk.
- To make wooden elements you will need:
Particular attention is paid to the quality of wood for system installation - to lay the Mauerlat you will need a beam with a cross-section of 100×150 mm;
— the rafters and ridge are made of timber with a cross-section of 50×150 mm. Builders involved in the construction of rafter systems recommend installing the entire system from timber or boards of the same cross-section - this guarantees the strength and reliability of the building;
- a sheathing of boards is placed on top of the rafter system, the cross-section of which should be 25x150 mm.
When choosing wood for a rafter system, you can rely on a table compiled specifically for this purpose. It shows the permissible length of rafters (in meters) made of coniferous wood (larch, spruce, cedar, pine), depending on its quality, the cross-section of the timber and the average snow load in a given region.
| Variety | Section | Distance between rafters in mm | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mm | 300 | 400 | 600 | 300 | 400 | 600 | |
| 1.0 kPa | 1.5 kPa | ||||||
| Higher | 38×89 | 3.22 | 2.92 | 2.55 | 2.81 | 2.55 | 2.23 |
| 38×140 | 5.06 | 4.60 | 4.02 | 4.42 | 4.02 | 3.54 | |
| 38×184 | 6.65 | 6.05 | 5.28 | 5.81 | 5.28 | 4.61 | |
| 38×235 | 8.50 | 7.72 | 6.74 | 7.42 | 6.74 | 5.89 | |
| 38×286 | 10.34 | 9.40 | 8.21 | 9.03 | 8.21 | 7.17 | |
| 1 and 2 | 38×89 | 3.11 | 2.83 | 2.47 | 2.72 | 2.47 | 2.16 |
| 38×140 | 4.90 | 4.45 | 3.89 | 4.28 | 3.89 | 3.40 | |
| 38×184 | 6.44 | 5.85 | 5.11 | 5.62 | 5.11 | 4.41 | |
| 38×235 | 8.22 | 7.47 | 6.38 | 7.18 | 6.52 | 5.39 | |
| 38×286 | 10.00 | 9.06 | 7.40 | 8.74 | 7.66 | 6.25 | |
| 3 | 38×89 | 3.06 | 2.78 | 2.31 | 2.67 | 2.39 | 1.95 |
| 38×140 | 4.67 | 4.04 | 3.30 | 3.95 | 3.42 | 2.79 | |
| 38×184 | 5.68 | 4.92 | 4.02 | 4.80 | 4.16 | 3.40 | |
| 38×235 | 6.95 | 6.02 | 4.91 | 5.87 | 5.08 | 4.15 | |
| 38×286 | 8.06 | 6.98 | 6.70 | 6.81 | 5.90 | 4.82 | |
| 2.0 kPa | 2.5 kRa | ||||||
| Higher | 38×89 | 4.02 | 3.65 | 3.19 | 3.73 | 3.39 | 2.96 |
| 38×140 | 5.28 | 4.80 | 4.19 | 4.90 | 4.45 | 3.89 | |
| 38×184 | 6.74 | 6.13 | 5.35 | 6.26 | 5.69 | 4.97 | |
| 38×235 | 8.21 | 7.46 | 6.52 | 7.62 | 6.92 | 5.90 | |
| 38×286 | 2.47 | 2.24 | 1.96 | 2.29 | 2.08 | 1.82 | |
| 1 and 2 | 38×89 | 3.89 | 3.53 | 3.08 | 3.61 | 3.28 | 2.86 |
| 38×140 | 5.11 | 4.64 | 3.89 | 4.74 | 4.31 | 3.52 | |
| 38×184 | 6.52 | 5.82 | 4.75 | 6.06 | 5.27 | 4.30 | |
| 38×235 | 7.80 | 6.76 | 5.52 | 7.06 | 6.11 | 4.99 | |
| 38×286 | 2.43 | 2.11 | 1.72 | 2.21 | 1.91 | 1.56 | |
| 3 | 38×89 | 3.48 | 3.01 | 2.46 | 3.15 | 2.73 | 2.23 |
| 38×140 | 4.23 | 3.67 | 2.99 | 3.83 | 3.32 | 2.71 | |
| 38×184 | 5.18 | 4.48 | 3.66 | 4.68 | 4.06 | 3.31 | |
| 38×235 | 6.01 | 5.20 | 4.25 | 5.43 | 4.71 | 3.84 | |
| 38×286 | 6.52 | 5.82 | 4.75 | 6.06 | 5.27 | 4.30 | |
- In addition, you will need to buy roofing material, insulation and vapor barrier film, which is laid on the rafters under the sheathing. A soft covering is traditionally chosen as a roofing material for a hip roof structure - it is easier to attach it to the complex configuration of such a rafter system. Under such a roof it will be necessary to make a plywood flooring.
- You also need to purchase one for wood processing before starting installation.
- You may need steel wire with a diameter of 4 mm to secure some elements in the load-bearing wall.
Prices for various types of timber
Tools for work
You need to prepare in advance not only all the necessary materials, but also tools, since without them the work will not be possible. To install the rafter system you will need:
- A hammer, preferably with a nail puller.
- Electrically charged screwdriver.
- Mallet - a rubber or wooden hammer. It may be necessary for some operations on leveling and fitting wooden elements.
- A wooden strip 1.5–1.7 m long for bringing individual units to one level.
- Marker or pencil for marks.
- Jigsaw, hacksaw and power saw.
- Construction level, plumb.
- Roulette and ruler.
- Chisel for gouging out grooves.
- Planer - it is better to have both a regular and an electric version, since it is more convenient to work at heights with a conventional tool, and large surfaces can be processed below using an electric one.
Carrying out installation work
The figure shows a simplified diagram of a hip roof, which can be used as a guide when installing the system.
The work is carried out in stages and without any haste, with each step carefully thought through, since the design of a hip roof is quite complex.
The first step is to prepare the wood by treating it with an antiseptic solution and drying it well. When the material is ready, you can begin installing the system.
- Installation of the system begins with installing and securing the Mauerlat around the perimeter of the load-bearing walls. It must be laid on a layer of waterproofing material.
- After installing the Mauerlat, markings are made on it, according to previously made calculations. To make the marking as accurate and visible as possible, bright markers are used or beacons are driven in in certain places.
It is very important that the distances marked on one wall are identical to the markings on the opposite wall, otherwise the floor beams and other elements will be laid unevenly.
The key to success is proper marking - Next, the floor beams are laid. They can be mounted on walls next to the Mauerlat or on a fixed beam below the wall surface.
- Then the Mauerlat is fastened with puffs, which help relieve the load from the load-bearing walls.
- After the floor beams have been laid, experienced craftsmen advise covering them with planks without securing them to the beams. Such flooring is needed for comfortable and safe work.
- The next step will be installing the racks. They are secured to tie rods or floor beams.
- The racks are fastened on top with a ridge beam, and the rafter central legs from the end hip sides of the roof are also attached to it.
- Next, intermediate rafters from the front roof slopes are marked and screwed.
- Then follow the diagonal rafters that connect the ridge and corners of the building. If necessary, additional racks are installed under them.
- Sprigs or short rafters are fixed to the diagonal rafters. They are installed at the same distance from each other as the intermediate ones.
- Depending on the design, other supporting or reinforcing elements may be built into it, for example, struts or trusses, as well as a wind beam.
- If the rafters are installed and end on the mauerlat, then they are extended with additional elements - “fillies”, they will create a canopy over the wall.
Flooring roofing material
The structure of the roofing “pie” of a hip roof - Before moving on to the next step of installing the elements necessary for the roof, you need to mark the location of window openings, holes through which smoke exhaust and ventilation pipes will be brought out, an entrance to the attic space or an exit to the balcony. They are framed with additional slats, filling them around the perimeter of the planned openings.
- Then the roofing “pie” is installed on the rafter system. The work is carried out in the following sequence:
- A vapor barrier film is stretched and secured on top of the rafters
- Next, sheathing slats are screwed onto the rafters on top of it.
- Insulation is placed between the slats, which is covered with windproof materials (for example, thick polyethylene film).
- Then, the counter-lattice should be secured.
- The next stage will depend on what coating material is chosen. If, for example, metal tiles are used, then they can be screwed directly to the counter-lattice slats. When choosing a soft roof, it is necessary to lay plywood or OSB sheets under it.
Complex components of a hip roof system
I would like to draw attention on complex components of the rafter system, the installation of which always raises many questions.
- can be carried out by several types of rigid fastenings:
- using metal corners installed on both sides of the rafter leg;
- nails driven at an angle through the rafter into the mauerlat;
— special staples;
- sliding fastenings.
- The connection of rafter legs on a ridge beam can also be done in different ways:
- by placing them on top of each other over the timber and securing them together with bolts;
- arrangement of special recesses on the rafters for rigidity when installing them on the ridge;
- adjusting the rafters at the selected angle on the ridge and fastening them with wooden or metal plates on both sides.
- Another very complex knot is the connection of the ridge beam with the rafter legs. These elements must have reliable mating and fastening, since the durability of the hip side of the roof depends on this.
— The ridge beams are laid on the racks and fastened on both sides with overlays made of boards.
— Diagonal ones are cut out at the desired angle and secured to the ridge beam and intermediate rafters. In the same way a second rafter going to the other corner of the house is also installed.
Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters
Rafter fasteners
Video: secrets of hip roof design
If there is no experience in the construction of such a complex architectural element of a building as roofing, then it is recommended to use the help of qualified specialists. Moreover, this point concerns not only the hip roof structure, but also all others, since any type of this structure has its own characteristics with complex connecting nodes.
It must be remembered that the long-term service life of the entire structure will depend on the reliability of the roofing of the house, so its construction must be treated with maximum responsibility.
